Urinary Incontinence in rabbits

Bacterial causes	Urinary tract infection (UTI), by Pasteurella spp, Staphylococcus spp., or other bacteria
	Cystitis (inflammation of the bladder)

Parasitic causes	Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in this case it is often accompanied by paresis of the hind limb
	Toxoplasmosis
	Presence of worms in the bladder

Calcium related causes

Hypercalciuria (increased calcium in the urine)

Mechanical causes	Urolithiasis or the presence of kidney or bladder stones
	Vertebral fracture and nerve damage at the sacral level
	Subluxation or luxation of the spinal cord (usually at L6 level)
	Deformation of the female or male genitalia
	Ambiguous genitalia (e.g. hermaphroditism)
	Gestation

Nervous system causes	Trauma of the spinal cord, fracture or luxation
	E. cuniculi

Nervous system causes	Obesity, with a rabbit becoming “lazy” and unable to clean himself
	Hypercalciuria (abnormal amount of calcium in the urine)
	Renal failure
	Polyuria / polydipsia
	Urolithiasis, or the presence of kidney or bladder stones
	Response to estrogen in recently spayed female rabbits
	Pain

Surgical causes

Response to estrogen after an ovariohysterectomy (spaying) surgery

Polydipsia (increased drinking)	Pain
	Stress resulting in psychogenic polydipsia

 Thanks to Mary C. Cotter (USA) and Wendy Douglas (UK), for their input related to the possible causes of incontinence.

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