Head tilt and its
various causes: differential diagnosis
Photo: Kostas Milonas
A
female rabbit, suffering from head-tilt, before and after treatment with
fenbendazole and enrofloxacin.
|
Bacterial causes |
Pasteurellosis, leading to otitis media and interna (middle and inner ear infection). |
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Listeriosis, leading to otitis interna or media (middle and inner ear infection). |
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Fungal causes |
Fungemia, e.g. Aspergillosis or Candida albicans meningitis. |
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Parasitic infestation |
Cerebral parasitic worms, e.g. Nematodiasis or Baylisascaris procyonis. Accompanying signs are ataxia (loss of control of movement), circling and tremors. |
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E. cuniculi, although it is not known if this CNS parasite is directly responsible for head-tilt or is a side effect of some other health issue. |
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Toxicity |
Insecticide |
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Fertilizer |
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Lead |
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Deficiencies |
Vitamins |
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Selenium |
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
Bacterial infection, leading to otitis media or interna (middle and inner ear), see “Bacterial causes”. |
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Cerebrovascular accident, with rabbit moving in circles if at all. Eating and drinking habits are usually normal. It is the second cause of head-tilt after otitis interna in rabbits. |
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Trauma of the face of head, with brain damage. |
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Vestibular dysfunction |
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Cerebellar disease |
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Neoplasia (development of a tumor) or abscess in the neck, ear or brain. |
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